The role of springs in modern industry

A spring is an elastic element used throughout modern industry and the electronics industry. Under load it produces large elastic deformation and absorbs mechanical energy; when the load is removed, the deformation disappears and the spring returns to its original state, releasing the stored deformation energy as mechanical energy. The ratio of load to deformation is called the spring rate — the higher the stiffness, the harder the spring.

The four main functions of a spring

Cushioning and vibration damping: for example, the suspension springs under cars and railway rolling stock, and the buffer springs used in shock absorbers.

Controlling the movement of a mechanism: for example, valve springs in internal-combustion engines and the control springs in clutches.

Storing and releasing energy: for example, clock springs and bolt springs.

Measuring force: for example, springs in spring scales and dynamometers.

Material requirements for springs

Springs in service are often subjected to alternating and impact loads and require large deformation, so the spring material must offer high tensile strength, a high elastic limit and high fatigue strength. During processing it must also have adequate hardenability, resist decarburisation and provide good surface quality.